Regular physical activity prevents development of chronic muscle pain through modulation of supraspinal opioid and serotonergic mechanisms

Introduction It is generally believed that exercise produces its effects by activating central opioid receptors; there are little data that support this claim. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) are key nuclei in opioid-induced analgesia, and opioids interact with serotonin to produce analgesia. Objectives The purpose was to examine central inhibitory mechanisms involved in analgesia produced by wheel running. Methods C57/Black6 mice were given access to running wheels in their home cages before induction of chronic muscle hyperalgesia and compared with those without running wheels. Systemic, intra-PAG, and intra-RVM naloxone tested the role of central opioid receptors in the antinociceptive effects of wheel running in animals with muscle insult. Immunohistochemistry for the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the spinal cord and RVM, and pharmacological blockade of SERT, tested whether the serotonin system was modulated by muscle insult and wheel running. Results Wheel running prevented the development of muscle hyperalgesia. Systemic naloxone, intra-PAG naloxone, and intra-RVM naloxone reversed the antinociceptive effect of wheel running in animals that had received muscle insult. Induction of chronic muscle hyperalgesia increased SERT in the RVM, and blockade of SERT reversed the hyperalgesia in sedentary animals. Wheel running reduced SERT expression in animals with muscle insult. The serotonin transporter in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord was unchanged after muscle insult, but increased after wheel running. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that wheel running produced analgesia through central inhibitory mechanisms involving opioidergic and serotonergic systems.